Silicon Valley or the Southern Great Plain?
Where are international students more dissatisfied?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15170/MM.2026.60.01.04Keywords:
higher education, international student mobility, student dissatisfaction, higher education marketingAbstract
THE AIM OF THE PAPER
The aim of the present research is to investigate and compare the dissatisfaction of international students at San Jose State University and the University of Szeged through qualitative in-depth interviews and thematic code-matrix-based heatmap analysis. The purpose of the analysis is to
compare the identified thematic codes with the literature on service quality in order to identify the challenges and development opportunities inherent in the two different service environments and to formulate country- and institution-specific marketing strategy recommendations for the institutions examined.
METHODOLOGY
The study presents the results of 20 online in-depth interviews. The interviews were coded using the MAXQDA software, and the results are illustrated through interview excerpts and code matrix–based heat maps.
MOST IMPORTANT RESULTS
The results indicate that the factors of dissatisfaction are distinctly country- and institution-specific. The identified code groups are mostly covered either by SERVQUAL or by de Wit’s push-pull categories; however, neither model is capable of addressing the problem of individual challenges.
Additionally, the classification of the university’s geographical location poses a challenge.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Universities should prioritize not only the examination of service quality factors but also the understanding of international students’ individual challenges, in order to create an inclusive and supportive system in which personal student challenges do not hinder mobility.
References
Abdullah, F. (2006), “The development of HedPERF: a new measuring instrument of service quality for the higher education sector”, International Journal of Consumer Studies, 30(6), 569–581. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470- 6431.2005.00480.x
Ammigan, R., Dennis, J. L., Jones, E. (2021), “The Differential Impact of Learning Experiences on International Student Satisfaction and Institutional Recommendation”, Journal of International Students, 11(2), 299–321. https:// doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i2.2038
Cook, S., Watson, D., Webb, A., Webb, R. (2024), “Student dissatisfaction in Higher Education: a ‘fuzzy’ index approach”, Studies in Higher Education, 49(7), 1107–1119. https://doi.org/10. 1080/03075079.2023.2258933
De Wit H. (2008), “Changing Dynamics in International Student Circulation: Meanings, Push and Pull factors, trends and Data”, in: De Wit, H., Agarwal, P., Said, M. E., Sehoole, M. T. & Sirozi, M. (eds.): The Dynamics of International Student Circulation in a Global Context, Rotterdam, Sense Publishers,15–45. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789460911460_003
De Wit, H., Altbach, P. G. (2020), “Internationalization in higher education: glo¬bal trends and recommendations for its futu¬re”, Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 5(1), 28–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2020. 1820898
Deli-Gray, Z., Árva, L., Gray, M. (2019), „Globalizáció a felsőoktatásban: szervezeti és marketingkövetkezmények”, Marketing & Menedzsment, 44(3), 4–13. https://journals.lib. pte.hu/index.php/mm/article/view/434
Erturk, S., Luu, N. L. A. (2022), “Adaptation of Turkish international students in Hungary and the United States: A comparative case study”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 86. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijintrel.2021.10.006
Faizan, A., Yuan, Z., Kashif, H., Pradeep, K., Nair, N., Ari, R. (2016), “Does higher education service quality effect student satisfaction, image and loyalty? A study of international students in Malaysian public universities,” Quality Assurance in Education, 24(1). https://doi. org/10.1108/QAE-02-2014-0008
Fakunle, O. (2021), “International students’ perspective on developing employability during study abroad”, Higher Education Quarterly, 75, 575– 590. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12308
Folgueiras, P., Aramburuzabala, P., Opazo, H., Mugarra, A., Ruiz, A. (2020), “Service-learning: A survey of experiences in Spain”, Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 15(2), 162–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197918803857
Glass, C.R., Cruz, N.I. (2023), “Moving towards multipolarity: shifts in the core-periphery structure of international student mobility and world rankings (2000–2019)”, Higher Education, 85, 415–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022- 00841-9
Glaser, B. G., Strauss, A. L. (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Aldine Transaction, A Division of Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick and London, 1967. http://www.sxf.uevora.pt/ wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Glaser_1967.pdf [letöltés ideje: 2026.03.05.]
Gutema, D.M., Pant, S., Nikou, S. (2024), “Exploring key themes and trends in international student mobility research – A systematic literature review”, Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 16(3), 843–861. https://doi. org/10.1108/JARHE-05-2023-0195
Kasza, G., Hangyál, Z. (2018), Stipendium hungaricum scholarship holders’ expectations and attitudes. Tempus Public Foundation. https:// tka.hu/docs/palyazatok/stipendium_hungari-cum_scholarship_holders_expectations_and_at¬titudes_web1902051556.pdf [letöltés ideje: 2025.02.26.]
Kovács, L., Kasza, G. (2018), “Learning to Integrate Domestic and International Students: The Hungarian Experience”, International Research and Review, 8(1), 26–43.
Li, X., Haupt, J., Lee, J. (2021), “Student mobility choices in transnational education: impact of macro-, meso- and micro-level factors”, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 43(6), 639–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/136008 0X.2021.1905496
Lu, W., Tamayo-Verleene, K., Søderberg, A-M., Puffer, S., Meschke, S. (2024), “Exploring the mediating role of cross-cultural adjustment in international student satisfaction”, Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, 101122. https://doi.or-g/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101122
Mazzarol, T., Soutar, G.N. (2002), ““Push‐pull” factors influencing international student destination choice”, International Journal of Educational Management, 16(2), 82–90. https:// doi.org/10.1108/09513540210418403
Mucsi, A, Malota, E., Török, A. (2020), „Kulturális sokk és pozitív szájreklám – a felsőokta¬tásban tanuló külföldi hallgatók körében”, Vezetéstudomány, 51(2), 23–31. https://doi. org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2020.02.02
Perez-Encinas, A., Ammigan, R. (2016), “Support services at Spanish and US institutions: A driver for international student satisfaction”, Journal of International Students, 6(4), 984–998. https:// doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i4.330
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 The Hungarian Journal of Marketing and Management

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.