Externalisation and internalisation – The importance of local aid

Hungarian humanitarian and geopolitical responses to two migration crises

Abstract

Externalisation and internalisation have recently become increasingly important theoretical approaches to international relations, and these concepts are effective analytical interpretations in the migration discourse. In this paper, we attempt to show how Hungary has responded to the migration pressures within its borders and beyond, both in 2015 and in the aftermath of the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2022. Our aim is to examine the events and the different foreign policy and development aid responses through a rarely used perspective and methodological framework. This will be complemented by the responses of NGOs and society as a whole. In our study, we use a case study to illustrate