National Symbols and Identity in Hungary and the EU

Abstract

The history of symbols is as old as humanity itself, and they continue to play a key role in expressing national identity today. The external function of symbols is to express sovereignty – as a representation of autonomy and independence – while their internal function is to express identity (emotional attachment to the community). This study examines the constitutional and criminal law protection of national symbols, their history and changes, presenting their role in expressing national identity. The study discusses the fundamental national symbols enshrined in the Fundamental Law of Hungary (flag, coat of arms, national anthem) and, by examining the symbols of the European Union, also addresses the issue of EU identity. It also discusses the most important identity-forming elements and the nation as a political and cultural concept, whose identity is expressed by national symbols.