AI in the Cloud

Legal Accountability for Intelligent Infrastructure

Absztrakt

The convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and cloud computing marks a fundamental shift in the digital ecosystem. Modern cloud infrastructures increasingly embed AI-driven mechanisms that autonomously allocate resources, enhance cybersecurity, and enhance performance, creating what may be called “intelligent infrastructure”. This self-learning model transforms the cloud from a passive service platform into an active decision-making environment. However, this transformation raises complex questions of legal accountability and transparency within the European Union’s regulatory framework. the Existing legal instruments including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the NIS2 Directive, the AI Act, and the Cybersecurity Act assign multiple obligations among cloud service providers, users, and AI developers, leaving critical accountability gaps. This article argues that intelligent infrastructures require a reconfiguration of liability models to address autonomous decision-making and shared responsibility. It proposes a hybrid approach that combines contractual governance with regulatory compliance, ensuring that accountability remains traceable, enforceable, and compatible with EU digital law.